Othello Essay Research Paper Honesty is one free essay sample

Othello Essay, Research Paper Honesty is one of the most of import factors in Othello. Although there is really small honestness in the drama the term is most normally put to Iago, who besides happens to be the most dishonorable character in Othello. Due partially to the other characters naivet, Iago is capable of pull stringsing, brainwashing, and modeling the other characters to fulfill his demand for retaliation against Othello. Iago would most normally be referred to as dishonest, nevertheless beyond that he is besides downright amoral and uses other s failings to pull strings them into making what he pleases. From the really get downing we see how Iago manipulates Roderigo by feigning he is looking out for his best involvements in the affair of Othello s elopement with Desdemona. He makes Barbantio angry with Othello and Desdemona by stating him about their elopement so lying about the consummation of their relationship. We will write a custom essay sample on Othello Essay Research Paper Honesty is one or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He so leaves Roderigo to take duty for Iago s actions. In the interim he goes off to inform Othello that Roderigo is accountable for stating Barbantio about the relationship and stating atrocious things about Othello. Iago subsequently brings Roderigo back into his quest for retaliation when he tries to acquire Cassio fired from the place that Iago originally wished to obtain. Although Cassio knows it is against his better opinion to imbibe, Iago manipulates him into acquiring rummy so stages a battle between Roderigo and Cassio. He even goes every bit far as to seek to do Cassio look bad by stating Montano that he gets intoxicated on a regular basis. Upon Iago s account of the state of affairs Othello quickly fires Cassio from his place and Iago becomes more respected in Othello s eyes. Roderigo is a premier illustration of how Iago uses people to carry through his desires. Iago convinces Roderigo that he could win Desdemona s love off from Othello and the lone adult male that stan ds in the manner is Cassio. In this manner when he plans to mortify Cassio it seems as if he is making it to assist out Roderigo when, in actuality, he is seeking retaliation on Cassio for taking his place. One of the chief grounds Iago is so successful at pull stringsing others is because they are excessively transparent to recognize that he is taking advantage of them. Cassio still comes to Iago for advice after Iago rats him out and gets him fired. He still trusts him plenty to inquire for advice on how to acquire his occupation back, the really occupation that Iago is responsible for doing him lose. When Iago gives him this advice he is thankful and confident in Iago s honestness. You advise me good ( 2.3, line 320 ) Iago is so underhand he even manages to pull strings his married woman into dishonesty. He incorporates Emily s engagement into his program to do Othello leery of Cassio and Desdemona s relationship. He besides continuously tries to convince Emily to steal the hankie Othello gave to Desdemona. And when Desdemona drops the handkerchief Emily gives it to Iago without prosecuting what he was traveling to utilize it for. Iago is really clearly fallacious and underhand. He talks about people behind their dorsums on more than one juncture and sometimes negotiations about them to their faces. When Cassio foremost comes to state Othello that Barbantio and several soldiers are looking for him Othello goes into the house go forthing Iago and Cassio outside together. Iago instantly seizes this chance and Tells Cassio that Othello is kiping with Desdemona. Although Iago gives Othello the feeling that he is on his side when Barbantio, Roderigo, and the guards find Othello Iago says, Roderigo! I am for you ( 1.2, line 59 ) . Subsequently when Roderigo looks to Iago for advice Iago comes off as a lovingness friend and every bit shortly as he leaves he begins dissing him and noticing on his stupidity. However, the characters do non look to detect Iago s dishonesty. On the contrary, they praise him for being so honest. Iago pushes the thought of him being an honest adult male to the point where he brainwashes others into believing he is honorable so uses it to his advantage. When plotting to interrupt up a happy matrimony or seeking retaliation on others he uses phrases such every bit, As honest as I am, and in the earnestness of love and honest kindness. None of these phrases portray the true feelings of Iago. In fact in Act I scene I he tells Roderigo of how merely a fool Acts of the Apostless honest and he suggests seting oneself before honestness, which is precisely what he does. Others begin to see Iago as an honest adult male, particularly Othello. He is described by Othello as a chap of transcending honestness, Cassio claims to neer hold met a Florentine so sort and honest. Desdemona tells Emily that Iago is an honorable adult male and Othello feels that his honestness and love doth mince the affair of Cassio s being fired. In fact, Othello tells the governor that Iago is a adult male of hon estness and trust and even puts his married woman in Iago s custodies while he is off. Iago uses this trust to his advantage. He holds me good, the better shall my purpose work on him ( 1.3, lines 391-392 ) Iago uses Othello s trust to demand avenge upon him for non giving him the occupation he wanted and kiping with his married woman, which was really an improbable rumour that hadn T been proved. Other characters in the drama are non wholly honest. Desdemona does non state her male parent about her elopement with Othello, and Roderigo is ever seeking to steal Desdemona off from Othello. However, no 1 is as dishonest, amoral, and downright corrupt as Iago. Yet, curiously plenty, Iago is praised for his honestness far more than any other character. Which shows the naivet of

Business Law Essays - Types Of Business Entity, Business Law

Business Law Essays - Types Of Business Entity, Business Law Business Law Final Exam 1. John owned a cat which wandered into his yard. John was charged with violating a local ordinance which read: "It shall be illegal to permits cows, horses, goats, or other animals to wander about in a yard that is not property fenced." The ordinance had been passed over fifty years ago when wandering animals destroyed neighbor's crops. Is John guilty of violating this ordinance? Using two techniques of statutory interpretation, discuss. 2.Suppose that Perry sues Davis on the theory that Davis is so ugly Perry suffers intense emotional distress in his presence. Davis thinks correctly that there is no rule of law allowing Perry to recover. What procedural device should Davis use in this circumstance? Describe. 3.The local city council adopted an ordinance restricting the local skating rink to persons under 16 years of age. Plaintiffs challenged the ordinance under the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment. Under the holding in the Stanglin case in your text, what results and why? 4.Suppose that someone argues that, contrary to popular belief, corporate decision-making is almost completely irrational. If by chance this assertion were true, it would undermine two major arguments made by defenders of the corporation. What are these arguments and how would the assertion undermine them? (One of your answers would probably trouble "corporate reformers" as well.) 5.Acting pursuant to a warrant obtained upon a sufficient showing of probable cause, Officer Beau Bogus arrested Earl Sleazeman for the crime of murder. Officer Bogus neglected to give Sleazeman the Miranda warnings at the time of the arrest or at any time thereafter. During "booking" at the police station, Officer Bogus required an unwilling Sleazeman to submit to fingerprinting. (Information obtained through the fingerprinting process ultimately proved useful, because the police discovered Sleazeman's fingerprints on the door know to the front door of the house where the dead body of the murder victim had been found). After booking was completed, Officer Bogus and Detective Harriet Dirty interrogated Sleazeman still without the Miranda warnings ever having been given at the police station. During the course of the interrogation, Sleazeman confessed to the murder for which he had been arrested. Sleazeman later retained attorney Nola Contendere to represent him in the murder case. She has filed, on Sleazeman's behalf, a motion to suppress (i.e., motion requesting a court order excluding certain evidence) in which she argues that the fingerprinting of Sleazeman and the interrogation of him violated his Fifth Amendment rights and his Miranda rights. Sleazeman's attorney argues, therefore, that the exclusionary rule should be applied, as to prevent the state from using the following evidence against Sleazeman: (a) any evidence derived from the fingerprinting that took place during booking; and (b) Sleazeman's confession. Is Sleazeman's attorney correct in her arguments that Sleazeman's Fifth Amendment rights and Miranda rights were violated? Why or why not? As to the evidence listed above as (a) and (b), mentioned in Sleazeman's attorney's motion to suppress, state whether the exclusionary rule would prevent the prosecution from using that evidence against Sleazeman? Explain your reasoning. 6.Jed's roommates played a trick on him by abducting him from his room and tying him up in his underwear on his girlfriend's porch. Jed, who was intoxicated, slept through the whole incident and didn't wake up until the next morning, after his girlfriend had untied him and dressed him. Under what legal theories, if any, is Jed entitled to recover damages from his "friends" under these facts? 7. What are four factors courts consider in determining whether an activity is "abnormally dangerous" for purpose of strict liability? 8.In 1955, Merton, an English professor, wrote a book of poetry which he copyrighted. 340 copies were sold nationwide. In 1975, the Pink Punk, a rock band, recorded a song with lyrics exactly like the words of one of Merton's poems. The poem occupied one page in a 112 page book. If Merton sues Pink Punk for copyright infringements, and Pink Punk employs a fair use defense, which two factors are most likely to help the group? 9. It has been said that one of the major factors which influenced the evolution of modern contract law was the fact that, in the later decades of the nineteenth century, an increasingly large number of transactions no longer resembled the stereotypical transaction envisioned by classical contract law. Explain this statement, contrasting classical contract law's assumptions with latter day reality. 10.Over a period of several months, ABC Manufacturing Company and XYZ Plumbing Supply have been negotiating over the sale of copper tubing. They have reached an

MGMGT 4440 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

MGMGT 4440 - Essay Example To achieve such cultural change, leadership of the organization therefore has to play important role in identifying and exploring the gaps which need to be filled in order to comprehensively revamp the culture of the organization and achieve the desired level of performance. HR is another important organizational arm which can help develop such an environment and achieve the required level of cultural change so that the organizations can become more responsive and conducive for the tapping the untapped potential of the organization. (Daniels and Daniels) This paper will therefore aim to explore and discuss some of the key aspects of performance management including role of culture in achieving high level performance, whether organizations can actually change their culture to achieve such objectives, the role of leader and the HRM function within the organization. Impact of culture on performance Before discussing the impact of culture on performance, it is important to understand the overall concept of performance management and how it fits together with organizational culture. Performance management is often considered as a process of achieving the organizational goals and objectives efficiently and effectively. Performance management therefore not only includes the management of the results but also the behaviors of the employees as behavior can have significant impact on the performance. It is argued that culture can significantly impact the organizational performance however, it is important to explore as to which elements of the culture exactly can influence the performance of the organization. (Lee and Yu). It is further argued that organizational performance is linked with good cultures and good cultures in return are focused on achieving excellence, profitability, strong team orientation as well as honesty and will to succeed. These characteristics form the part of the good culture which invariably fosters creativity and innovation within the employees and the organizations to make them more productive and performance oriented. Since culture of an organization outlines its overall values and belief systems therefore the underlying performance of the firms are also directed at ensuring that such values and belief systems are complied with. Organizations having performance oriented values tend to perform better than the organizations which are not focused on achieving excellence in performance. Further, through careful cultural engineering, organizations can actually achieve the significant improvement in their overall performance because cultural shift provides new means of achieving the required excellence. Can the culture of an organization be changed to increase performance? The process of cultural engineering is considered as one of the methods through which organizations basically attempt to change the culture and redirect it towards the achievement of excellence performance. For example, a shift towards more open culture may allow employees to become more creative and express their opinions more frequently. This openness of the culture therefore can offer a unique and diverse perspective on its core strengths and how a change in the organizational culture can effectively ensure performance. Apple Inc was

Virtual life damage real life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Virtual life damage real life - Essay Example The article argues that a research carried out in 2008 in Americans stated that 28% of Americans confirmed that they were spending less time with their families. This statistics tripled the research carried in 2003 where statistic ranged at 11 percent. This shows that family bonding is diminishing by the day simply because of the advancement of technology (Turner 27). Television sets have cut the bond that the family would have chatting together in the living room (Sorensen 1). Fast foods and home delivery has diminished family meal times and children’s homework and plays have diverted to the internet. These aspects are greatly contributing to families living virtue lives instead of real life. To begin with, family bonding has become the thing of the past because most homes do not have time to share meals (Sorensen 1). Despite the fact that parents are busy, they have opted for the modern virtual ways of replacing their presence in homes through advanced technology. The fridge and the microwave have replaced the parents in the kitchen because they children can acquire stored food in then fridge and warm them in the microwaves. Online food orders have also replaced family meal times because the parents order food for their children over the phone or online which is delivered for the children to eat. All this aspects leads to children having enough privacy to explore other dangerous channels hence parental presence and love is necessary for family bonding. The cell phone and online chat is occupying many commitments that the parent would have had on knowing the children’s welfare due to the availability of cell phones (Sorensen 1). The parents use the cell phones to keep track of where the children are and how they are faring. This cell phone and internet chat replacement deprives the children the much-needed parental love, which leads children to finding replacements elsewhere (Livingstone & Bovill 4). Children are currently living in families wher e they do not find anybody at home to relate to when they are not in school. The idea of such absentee parents is that they will check on their children’s welfare by chatting through the internet or by communicating through the phone (Turner 360). The parents need to understand that spending quality time with them impacts more than modern technologies could offer. Due to lack of family bonding, the children or one of the spouses opts for the internet as the only available alternative. The internet has becomes people favorite because it offers virtue live that people prefer against real life (Voogt & Gerald 357). The isolated individuals and children bond with others by chatting online, which in turn occupies their time, and keep busy. These individuals tend to sink in the virtuous world of the web because it is simpler compared to the real world. This is so because, children pretend to be adults, and adults pretend to be children. More so, women pretend to be men and vice-ver sa, and people give false information about their background, religion and accomplishments. These virtues aspects are the opposite of real life where people meet and socialize physically. The fantasies of the virtuous world lead people to live a fantasy life (Turner 30). Cheating cases have been reported where both men and women are the victims.

An Orientation Tour along with Fall Prevention Education Coursework

An Orientation Tour along with Fall Prevention Education - Coursework Example Step 3:Create your research question. State your full question. For example: For new students entering an online program would a mandatory orientation course improve retention by increasing computer literacy and professional writing proficiency? Step 4:Select the key PICOT terms for searching the evidence.Is the potential solution something for which you (as nurse or student) can find a solution through evidence research? In the above example the PICOT search terms would be: Â  I will compare the rate of fall to tour with the family members alone to the unit prior to the admission without patient aware of the facility he/she is going to orientation tour with both patient and family members. One of the strategies I will use to expand the search would be refining the search statement, choosing the appropriate data base, using more focused key words, opting for advanced search as well as Boolean search. In addition, controlling the language and vocabulary can also be used in expanding my search. 3. Describe ways you might refine your general search to reduce the number of results from your search. Can you use the EBSCO subject headings? What about the advanced search option using Boolean limiters such as AND. Once you have a reasonable number of relevant search results (10-30) what final limiters will, you set to reduce the search results further (i.e., English language limiter, age limiters, publication year limiters, peer-reviewedjournallimiter, and/or human subject limiter)? The use of advanced search or the Boolean search is effective ways of refining the general research. The EBSCO database presents an opportunity for the use of headings of the intended subject which I can successfully use to define my subject. Moreover, using the option of AND, OR and NOT which are the Boolean limiters can serve as a strategy of refining my research.

Environmental Impact Of Plastic Bags

Environmental Impact Of Plastic Bags Plastic bags are a true menace to our ecosystems and our waste diversion goals. Barely recyclable, almost all of the 400 plastic bags used per second in the state are discarded. Once discarded, they either enter our landfills or our marine ecosystem. People think of plastic bags as being free. Instead, they actually cost taxpayers millions every year. In San Francisco alone, City officials estimate that they spend $8.5 million annually to deal with plastic bag litter. That equates to around 17 cents for every bag distributed in the city. Additionally: It costs the state $25 million annually to manage plastic bag pollution. Public agencies in California spend in excess of $303 million annually in litter abatement. Southern California cities have spent in excess of $1.7 billion in meeting Total Maximum Daily Loads for trashed in impaired waterways. Cities and recyclers spend incalculable amounts removing plastic bags from their recyclables stream, where they jam machinery and add to the manual labor costs of recycling. At least 267 species have been scientifically documented to be adversely affected by plastic marine debris and it is estimated to kill over 100,000 marine mammals and turtles each year. Plastic bags are considered especially dangerous to sea turtles, who may mistake them for jellyfish, a main food source. 86% of all known species of sea turtles have had reported problems of entanglement or ingestion of marine debris. Plastic bags that enter our marine environment eventually break down into small fragments. Plastic bags, which are made from natural gas or oil, consume an energy equivalent of thousands of barrels of oil a day just to meet Californias consumption. Numerous recent international, national, state and local reports have called for the banning or drastic reduction of plastic bags due to their environmental damage. Achim Steiner, head of the UN Environmental Program, recently said there is simply zero justification for manufacturing [plastic bags] any more, anywhere. Home / Plastic Bags / Why Plastic Bags are a Problem Why Plastic Bags are a Problem Plastic bags are popular with consumers and retailers as they are a functional, lightweight, strong, cheap, and hygienic way to transport food and other products. Approximately 6.9 billion plastic bags are consumed annually in Australia: 6 billion of these are high density polyethylene (HDPE), such as supermarket singlet bags or supermarket checkout bags. 0.9 billion are low density polyethylene (LDPE), such as boutique bags. 67% of HDPE 25% of LDPE bags are imported with the remainder locally produced. There are two major environmental problems associated with our use of plastic bags. Firstly, plastic bags are one of the most damaging forms of litter. At least 80 million plastic bags end up as litter on our beaches, streets and parks each year While they are estimated to only be 2% of the litter stream, they have a significant environmental impact because they can take up to 1,000 years to break down. Their persistence in the environment means that they can entangle and harm marine life and other animals. In fact, the World Wide Fund for Nature estimates that more than 100,000 whales, seals, turtles, and birds die every year as a result of plastic bags. For example, on 24 August 2000, a Brydes whale died in Trinity Bay, 2 km from central Cairns. An autopsy found that the whales stomach was tightly packed with plastic, including supermarket bags, food packages, bait bags, three large sheets of plastic, and fragments of garbage bags. There was no food in its stomach. When the dead animal decays, the plastic bags are freed to be re-ingested by other animals in years to come. On land, plastic bag litter can block drains and trap birds. They also kill livestock. One farmer near Mudgee NSW, carried out an autopsy on a dead calf and found 8 plastic bags in its stomach. The loss of this calf cost the farmer around $500. Cleaning up this litter is expensive. Australian local and state governments spend over $200 million a year picking up litter (all forms). Source: Federal Department of Environment HYPERLINK http://www.deh.gov.au/industry/waste/plastic-bags/HYPERLINK http://www.deh.gov.au/industry/waste/plastic-bags/Heritage website Secondly, the plastic shopping bag, a single use item, is a symbol of a wasteful society: 20 million Australians used 6.7 billion plastic checkout bags this year (down from 6.9 billion the previous year). Thats nearly 1 plastic bag per person per day or 345 bags per person per year. A persons use of a plastic checkout bag can be counted in minutes however long it takes to get from the shops to their homes. The amount of petroleum used to make one plastic bag would drive a car about 115 metres. The 6.9 billion plastic checkout bags we use every year is enough to drive a car 800 million kilometres or nearly 20,000 times around the world i.e. 4 round trips to the Sun. Less than 3% of Australias plastic bags are currently being recycled, despite recycling facilities being available at major supermarkets. Only an estimated 19% of the 3.7 billion plastic supermarket shopping bags handed out in Australia every year, are being reused by households as kitchen bin liners. In many council areas, plastic bags are the single main contaminant of kerbside recycling. Plastic bags are not free to consumers they are actually adding an estimated $173 million a year to Australias grocery bills. Source: Planet Ark While these facts paint a grim picture, an October 2003 Roy Morgan study showed that 87% of Australians were concerned about the impact plastic bags have on the environment. In addition, action is being taken to reduce the impact of plastic bags, for example: Coles Bay in Tasmania have successfully banned plastic checkout bags in all their retail stores. Under an agreement between the Federal Government and the Australian Retailers Association (ARA), retailers have until December 2004 to reduce their consumption of lightweight single use plastic checkout bags by 25%. This rises to 50% by December 2005. More and more people around the world are becoming aware of the environmental issues surrounding plastic bags. Considering their somewhat placid appearance, the impact of plastic bags on the environment can be devastating. Here are some facts about the environmental impact of plastic bags: Plastic bags cause over 100,000 sea turtle and other marine animal deaths every year when animals mistaken them for food The manufacture of plastic bags add tonnes of carbon emissions into the air annually In the UK, banning plastic bags would be the equivalent of taking 18,000 cars off the roads each year Between 500 billion and 1 trillion plastic bags are used worldwide each year Approximately 60 100 million barrels of oil are required to make the worlds plastic bags each year Most plastic bags take over 400 years to biodegrade. Some figures indicate that plastic bags could take over 1000 years to break down. (I guess nobody will live long enough to find out!). This means not one plastic bag has ever naturally biodegraded. China uses around 3 billion plastic bags each day! In the UK, each person uses around 220 plastic bags each year Around 500,000 plastic bags are collected during Clean Up Australia Day each year. Clean Up Australia Day is a nationwide initiative to get as many members of the public to get out and pick up litter from their local areas. Unfortunately, each year in Australia approximately 50 million plastic bags end up as litter. Fortunately, some governments around the world are taking the initiative to deal with the environmental impact of plastic bags by either banning plastic bags or discouraging their usage. Under current city law, large supermarkets and chain drugstores, such as Safeway and Walgreens, only may provide three kinds of bags to customers at the checkout stand: recyclable paper bags, compostable plastic bags and reusable bags. All single-use disposable bags are banned under the old law. In the new law, Mirkarimi crafted a few exemptions, which include using plastic bags for produce or for garments. He is contemplating a companion piece to his legislation that would impose a 10-cent charge for paper bags. Currently, retailers dont charge for paper bags in San Francisco, though some, such as Whole Foods and Rainbow Grocery, give customers credit for using their own bags. Mirkarimi estimates that broadening the law would remove tens of millions more bags from the environment. Plastic bags are a clear example of excess run amok, he said. People dont necessarily realize the composition of the plastic bag or the consequences of the plastic bag. Theyre omnipresent. Shari Jackson, director of the Progressive Bag Affiliates of the American Plastics Council, said Mirkarimis proposed legislation would have unintended consequences, chiefly increasing the use of paper bags, which have their own environmental problems, and taking away jobs of people who manufacture the plastic bags

Suffragettes :: American America History

Suffragettes In Great Britain, woman suffrage was first advocated by Mary Wollstonecraft in her book A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) and was demanded by the Chartist movement of the 1840s. The demand for woman suffrage was increasingly taken up by prominent liberal intellectuals in England from the 1850s on, notably by John Stuart Mill and his wife, Harriet. The first woman suffrage committee was formed in Manchester in 1865, and in 1867 Mill presented to Parliament this society's petition, which demanded the vote for women and contained about 1,550 signatures. The Reform Bill of 1867 contained no provision for woman suffrage, but meanwhile woman suffrage societies were forming in most of the major cities of Britain, and in the 1870s these organizations submitted to Parliament petitions demanding the franchise for women and containing a total of almost three million signatures. The succeeding years saw the defeat of every major suffrage bill brought before Parliament. This was chiefly because neither of the leading politicians of the day, William Gladstone and Benjamin Disraeli, cared to affront Queen Victoria's implacable opposition to the women's movement. In 1869, however, Parliament did grant women taxpayers the right to vote in municipal elections, and in the ensuing decades women became eligible to sit on county and city councils. The right to vote in parliamentary elections was still denied to women, however, despite the considerable support that existed in Parliament for legislation to that effect. In 1897 the various suffragist societies united into one National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies, thus bringing a greater degree of coherence and organization to the movement. Out of frustration at the lack of governmental action, however, a segment of the woman suffrage movement became more militant under the leadership of Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughter Christabel. After the return to power of the Liberal Party in 1906, the succeeding years saw the defeat of seven suffrage bills in Parliament. As a consequence, many suffragists became involved in increasingly violent actions as time went on. These women militants, or suffragettes, as they were known, were sent to prison and continued their protests there by engaging in hunger strikes. Meanwhile, public support of the woman suffrage movement grew in volume, and public demonstrations, exhibitions, and processions were organized in support of women's right to vote (see photograph). When World War I began, the woman suffrage organizations shifted their energies to aiding the war effort, and their effectiveness did much to win the public wholeheartedly to the suffragist cause. Suffragettes :: American America History Suffragettes In Great Britain, woman suffrage was first advocated by Mary Wollstonecraft in her book A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) and was demanded by the Chartist movement of the 1840s. The demand for woman suffrage was increasingly taken up by prominent liberal intellectuals in England from the 1850s on, notably by John Stuart Mill and his wife, Harriet. The first woman suffrage committee was formed in Manchester in 1865, and in 1867 Mill presented to Parliament this society's petition, which demanded the vote for women and contained about 1,550 signatures. The Reform Bill of 1867 contained no provision for woman suffrage, but meanwhile woman suffrage societies were forming in most of the major cities of Britain, and in the 1870s these organizations submitted to Parliament petitions demanding the franchise for women and containing a total of almost three million signatures. The succeeding years saw the defeat of every major suffrage bill brought before Parliament. This was chiefly because neither of the leading politicians of the day, William Gladstone and Benjamin Disraeli, cared to affront Queen Victoria's implacable opposition to the women's movement. In 1869, however, Parliament did grant women taxpayers the right to vote in municipal elections, and in the ensuing decades women became eligible to sit on county and city councils. The right to vote in parliamentary elections was still denied to women, however, despite the considerable support that existed in Parliament for legislation to that effect. In 1897 the various suffragist societies united into one National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies, thus bringing a greater degree of coherence and organization to the movement. Out of frustration at the lack of governmental action, however, a segment of the woman suffrage movement became more militant under the leadership of Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughter Christabel. After the return to power of the Liberal Party in 1906, the succeeding years saw the defeat of seven suffrage bills in Parliament. As a consequence, many suffragists became involved in increasingly violent actions as time went on. These women militants, or suffragettes, as they were known, were sent to prison and continued their protests there by engaging in hunger strikes. Meanwhile, public support of the woman suffrage movement grew in volume, and public demonstrations, exhibitions, and processions were organized in support of women's right to vote (see photograph). When World War I began, the woman suffrage organizations shifted their energies to aiding the war effort, and their effectiveness did much to win the public wholeheartedly to the suffragist cause.

A Study Of The Predictive Effect Of Pre-Service Teacher Essay

ABSTRACT: This paper aims to examine the relationship between the personal knowledge management (PKM) competency of pre-service teachers and their instructional design skills. Supporting the sustainable development of teachers as professionals in the knowledge society is a critical issue in teacher education. This study attempts to identify an empirical model and a curriculum framework for nurturing pre-service teachers’ PKM competency. Dorsey (2000) PKM skills were adopted for constructing the theoretical framework and the survey instrument. A quasi-experimental research design was used to collect data from pre-service teachers from Hong Kong’s largest teacher education institution. A structural equation model was applied to explore the predictive power of PKM competency on their instructional design. Results show that a four-factor PKM competency model, which consists of retrieving, analyzing, organizing and collaborative skills, was identified as a predictor of instructional d esign. Use of PKM tools, e-learning activities and collaborative action research for developing pre-service teacher PKM competency are recommended to teaching education institute. Keywords: Personal knowledge management, Pre-service teacher, Teacher education Introduction Rapid advances in technology and communications have greatly accelerated the emergence of information. The increases in the amounts and formats of information available do not automatically make learners more informed or knowledgeable, if a learner cannot manage and meld the accumulation of  information through their daily experience and study to construct knowledge in a systematic fashion. This competency is referred by most literatures (Frand & Hixon, 1999; Dorsey, 2000; Wright, 2005) as personal knowledge management (PKM) competency. Developing learners with PKM competency is not simply a lifelong education issue, it is also an important teacher education issue in terms of sustaining a competitive human capital in the knowledge economy. Teacher development is viewed as an ongoing lifelong learning process as teachers strive to learn how to teach learner to learn how to learn (Cochran-Smith & Lytle, 1999). The recent education reforms in Hong Kong (Education Commission, 2000) addressed this lifelong education issue by proposing a learning to learn slogan in the policy document. The policy suggests that teachers should develop student learning competence for acquiring knowledge through various methods. To develop students with knowledge acquisition skills, teachers should also be equipped with the competency for knowledge acquisition. However, since publication of the policy paper entitled Information Technology for Learning in a New Era Five-year Strategy that launched IT in education in Hong Kong (EMB, 1998), the Education Bureau has not addressed this issue in any teacher professional development policy documents. Recent calls for consultation on e-learning from the Education Bureau likewise generated additional demand for developing teacher information literacy capable of supporting student learning (EMB, 2004). If the government and teacher education institutions really want to develop competent teachers for the knowledge society, they may consider injecting the elements of personal knowledge management (PKM) into the teacher education curriculum for developing pre-service teachers’ teaching competency. However, little studies on teacher education were attempted to examine the effect of PKM on teacher learning and discussed the possibilities of injecting the element of PKM model into teacher education curriculum. This study aims to construct an empirical model for examining the predictive effect of pre-service teachers’ PKM competency on their instructional design skills and to discuss a personal knowledge management curriculum framework for teacher education institutions. Literature Review A review of the literature related to knowledge management suggests that the development of personal knowledge management (PKM) could be a means of enhancing pre-service teacher professional competency in managing personal knowledge for coping with the acceleration of emerging information. Frand & Hixon (1999) define PKM as a conceptual framework to organize and integrate important information such that it becomes part of an individual’s personal knowledge base. Dorsey (2000) emphasizes the importance of injecting PKM into an educational framework for undergraduate education in order to bridge the gap between general education and other subject disciplines. PKM could serve as a framework for integrating general education and majors and as an approach to technology integration initiatives throughout the curriculum. PKM provides learners with both a common language and a common understanding of the intellectual and practical processes necessary for the acquisition of information and its subsequent transformation into knowledge. The significance of exploring PKM may contribute to human cognitive capabilities (Sheridan, 2008). Scholars tend to conceptualize PKM as a set of information skills (Frand & Hixon, 1999; Avery et al, 2001), though there is no standard definition or model for PKM. After Frand & Hixon (1999) outlined five PKM techniques as searching, classifying, storing distributing, evaluating and integrating skills, Dorsey and colleagues (Avery et al, 2001) broadened the Frand & Hixon PKM framework well beyond its formulation. Central to PKM, as clarified by Dorsey, are seven information skills which when exercised together are integral to effective knowledge work. These seven PKM skills are retrieving, evaluating, organizing, analyzing, presenting and securing information and collaboration for creating knowledge. Recently, Pettenati and Cigognini (2009) grouped PKM skills under three intertwined macro-competence categories: creation, organization and sharing. PKM can also be conceptualized as an intertwined macro-competency. Wright (2005) proposes a PKM model that links distinctive types of problem-solving  activities with specific cognitive andmetacognitive, information, social and learning competencies. As a learning competency, PKM enables learners to apply a set of learning skills that are essential to lifelong learning for information processing, knowledge application and decision-making. As a cognitive and metacognitve competency, it enables learners to apply complex thinking skills to solve problems. It is knowledge concerning the learner’s own cognitive processes or anything related to them (Flavell, 1976, p232). As an information competency, it enables learners to link technology tools with a set of information skills, thus providing an intentionality that moves the focus from the technology more directly to the information. As a social competency, its underlying principles include enabling learners to understand others’ ideas, develop and follow through on shared practices, build win-win relationships, and resolve conflicts. PKM integrates human cognitive and metacognitive competency (Sheridan, 2008), social competency (Wright, 2005; Pettenati & Cigognini, 2009) and informational competency (Tsui, 2002). Wright (2007) has developed a PKM Planning Guide for developing knowledge worker PKM competency. The guide is based on his research findings that the four interrelated competencies are activated in order to plan PKM training. The training process encourages participants to reflect on their knowledge activities and focus on areas for improvement. If learners know how to control this process, they can internalize information into personal knowledge, creating a foundation for effective learning. Utilizing PKM for acquiring knowledge refers to a collection of information management processes that an individual learner needs to carry out in order to gather, classify, store, search, and retrieve information in his daily activities (Tsui, 2002; Grundspenkis, 2007). In teacher education, knowledge acquisition focuses on the process how teacher apply PKM to support their day-to-day teaching and learning activities: instructional design. Instructional design is closely related to PKM which is also one of the major learning tasks for pre-service teachers. Instructional design is a process that involves determining the current status and needs of the learner, defining the end goal of instruction, and creating instructional  and learning strategies to facilitate teaching and learning. There are a wide range of instructional design models, many of them based on the ADDIE model (Seels & Glasgow, 1998; Molenda, M., 2003; Strickland, A.W. 2006) which includes the following phases: analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. This acronym stands for the 5 phases contained in the model. Knowledge acquisition for instructional design is conceptualized as identifying learner entry skills, formulating instructional objectives, test and design specifications, creating instructional or training materials, making recommendations and preparing a project report for lesson implementation. As instructional design is one of the key components of teacher professional competence, and helps to implement a new curriculum in the information age of the 21st century, exploring the predictive relationships of PKM competency on knowledge acquisition for instructional design becomes key to the development of teacher education. Research Methodology It appears that PKM competency can expand individuals’ knowledge and enhance their learning competency (Davenport, 1997, p146 ; Frand & Hixon, 1999). It provides learners with a targeted, reflective and adaptable cognitive framework for inquiry and problem solving. In this study, knowledge acquisition will be conceptualized as the knowledge required for carrying out instructional design. This study attempts to answer the following research questions: 1. What is the empirical factor structure of PKM competency for pre-service teachers? 2. Is there any relationship between the PKM competency of pre-service teachers and their knowledge acquisition for instructional design? This study adopted Dorsey (2000) PKM skills to conceptualize PKM as a competency for acquiring knowledge (see figure 1). A quasi-experimental research design was used in this study to determine the relationship between PKM skills and knowledge acquisition for instructional design. The exogenous variables were pre-service teachers’ perceptions of their PKM skills. The endogenous variable is knowledge acquisition for instructional design. A  self-response quantitative questionnaire was devised to collect data from the pre-service teachers of Hong Kong’s largest teacher education institution. Figure 1: Theoretical Framework Of The Study The operationalized definitions of Dorsey (2000) PKM skills are as follows: 1. Retrieving skill is the ability of learners to retrieve information from relational databases, electronic library databases, websites, threaded discussion groups, recorded chats, and moderated andunmoderated lists. 2. Evaluating skill is the ability to make judgments on both the quality and relevance of information to be retrieved, organized, and analyzed. 3. Organizing skill is the ability to make the information one’s own by applying ordering and connecting principles that relate new information to old information. 4. Collaborating skill is the ability  to understand others’ ideas, develop and follow through on shared practices, build win-win relationships, and resolve conflicts between these underlying principles. 5. Analyzing skill is the ability to extract meaning from data and convert information into knowledge. 6. Presenting skill is the ability to familiarize with the work of communications specialists, graphic designers, and editors. 7. Securing skill is the ability to develop and implement practices that help to ensure the confidentiality, integrity and actual existence of information. This study adopted ADDIE instructional design model to conceptualize instructional design as a multiple competencies that involves analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation of a lesson (Molenda, 2003; Strickland, 2006). The acronym ADDIE stands for the 5 phases contained in the model. Pre-service teachers’ learning on instructional design is conceptualized by the knowledge and experiences they come across in the 5 phases of ADDIE model including analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation. The learning outcomes include know how to analyse learner characteristics and task to be learned and identify learner entry skills; to design learning objectives and choose an instructional approach; to develop instructional or training materials; implement the lesson and deliver the instructional materials; and to evaluate the lesson plan and recommend the materials achieved the desired goals. The teaching experience that they had gained include determining the current state and needs of the learner, defining the end goal of instruction, and creating some instructional and learning strategies to facilitate teaching and learning. Instructional design is operationalized to the knowledge for: identifying learner entry skills; formulating instructional obJectives, test and designs specifications; creating instructional or training materials; and making recommendations and preparing a project report for lesson implementation (Seels & Glasgow, 1998; Molenda, M., 2003; Strickland, A.W. 2006). The questionnaire was based on a number of scales constructed to measure the variables of PKM skills and instructional design. In order to develop valid items for these scales, the researcher conducted a content analysis on the PKM literature of Dorsey (2000), Skyrme (1999). Hyams (2000), and on the instruction design literature of Seels & Glasgow (1998), Molenda, M. (2003); and Strickland, A.W. (2006). The questionnaire consists of two sections. Section 1 was used to measure the effectiveness of knowledge acquisition for instructional design based on 4 items. Section 2 contains 21 items designed to measure the teachers’ perceptions of their seven PKM skills. Likert 6 point scales were used in both sections to measure the variables. Likert scales are commonly used in attitudinal research. The Likert scale assumes that the difference between answering ‘agree strongly, and ‘agree’ is the same as between answering ‘agree’ and ‘neither agree n or disagree’ (Likert 1932, quoted in Gay, 1992). The data was collected directly from target subjects using the questionnaire. 225 pre-service teachers responded to the survey. Data was collected directly from them by means of the questionnaire. The subjects in the study were pre-service teachers from Hong Kong’s largest teacher education institution. Random sampling was used to collect data from the population. Exploratory factor analysis was carried out on variables using principal factor axis analysis to confirm the constructed validity of the tools (see table 1). The study is interested in a theoretical solution uncontaminated by unique and error variability and is designed with a framework on the basis of underlying constructs that are expected to produce sources on the observed variables. Principal axis factor (PAF) analysis, which aims to reveal the underlying factors that produce the correlation or correlations among a set of indicators with the assumption of an implicit underlying factor model, was applied separately to the items from the learning processes and learning outcomes. Promax rotation, a method of oblique rotation which assumes that the resulting factors are correlated with one other, was applied to extract the factors. An eigenvalue greater than one was used to determine the appropriate number of factors for the factor solutions. A Structural Equation Model (SEM) was then applied to  examine the factor structures and the paths among the variables, using Lisrel 8.3 (Joreskog & Sorbom, 1999). SEM is a collection of statistical techniques that allows the examination of a set of relationships between exogenous variables and endogenous variables. Findings The results of exploratory factor analysis, presented in Table 1, clearly suggest a four- factor structure for exogenous variables that are both empirically feasible and theoretically acceptable. An eigenvaluegreater than one was used to determine the appropriate number of factors for the factor analysis solution. Items were extracted with factor loadings greater than 0.6 across and within factors. The numbers of factor solutions extracted from a Promax rotation theoretically afforded the most meaningful interpretation. The process used to identify and label the factors that emerged was based on examining the derivation of the highest loading items on each of the factors. The reliability coefficients of the scales ranged from 0.792-0.821, which was judged adequate for this study. The results of descriptive statistics show that the scale means of all the variables are higher than 4.27 within the 6 point-scale, reflecting the participants’ tendency to slightly agree with all the items. The reliability coefficient (Alphas) of the scale for instructional design is 0.854, its scale mean is 4.33 (sd = 0.691).

History of Nubian

History of Nubian Nubia is a place located alongside river Nile and extends from the southern part of Aswan to the town of Dabba. The bigger part of Nubia is in Sudan while a small potion is situated in Egypt. History clearly indicates the subdivision of Nubia into lower, upper and southern Nubia.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of Nubian specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The lower and upper Nubia was the initial settlement place for Nubians. Nubia gained its fame from its perpetual activity of mining gold in addition to trading with ivory and ebony. It is among the earliest black civilization with its backbone mainly on natural wealth (Bulliet, 2001). Culture Kerma culture was the first empire to bring together the Nubian community and it is believed to evolve from Neolithic. At that time, 1750 BC, the kings were powerful enough to mobilize construction of walls and rich tombs filled with human sacrifices and possessions (Bull iet, 2001). Craftsmen in Kerma were excellent in pottery and metalwork. Egypt took over Nubia in 1500 BC to form the new kingdom of Egyptian colony. Their empire stretched from Euphrates to the 5th cataract of the Nile. After the conquest, monument such as Abu Simbel was built. When Egyptians left Nubia Kingdom of Kush came into being. This community adopted the Egyptian culture including their religion, music, language, and code of dressing. Assyrians invaded Kushite dynasty consequently pushing them down south to Meroe. At the present time, Muslims makes up the Nubian community. Their main median of communication is the Arabic language in addition to the Nubian language. Other distinctive features include the code of dressing, traditions and music. Jewelry was the most characterizing feature of Nubian culture. The jewelry was tailored to meet individual needs and specifications. Wedding festivity was a period to put on and display this jewelry. Nubian music in form of ‘shar ’ was performed during wedding ceremonies. Technology Monuments, artifacts and tombs signified advanced use of technology to attain civilization. The unique form of writing comprising of hieroglyphs and the advanced alphabetic scripts of 23 signs clearly indicates high level of technology (Bulliet, 2001). Another important factor to note is the pyramids which were constructed in Meroe (800 BC – 350 AD). The process of putting up these pyramids required great human intellect and skills. This forms a reason for the classification of tombs and pyramids as the wonders of the world.Advertising Looking for essay on ancient history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The kingdom of Meroe was also described by a standing military force with sophisticated weapons. To support this point, military formation instituted by Candace of Meroe made Alexander the great to withdraw his force. Trade in the ancient time was t he lifestyle of many communities. Nubia acted as a trade corridor for people from tropical Africa and Egypt. Ebony and ivory from tropical Africa were channeled to Egypt via Nubia. This contributed to Nubian wealth. Diet Agriculture was the main source of food for Nubians. A variety of date palms was planted intensively. Export of these products acted as a source of income. Cereals and vegetables were cultivated for consumption purposes. After the construction of Aswan High Dam, irrigation was carried out extensively. Several governmental projects including the building of walls to stop land from flooding were done. On the contrary, summer periods were hard times in Nubia as sorghum and millet were consumed. There was a risk therefore of malnutrition simply because sorghum lacked vitamin B. Reference Bulliet, P. et al. (2001). Nubia, The Earth and Its Peoples. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.

Failure, the Mother of Success Essays

Failure, the Mother of Success Essays Failure, the Mother of Success Paper Failure, the Mother of Success Paper Life, which is defined as the precious period of animate existence of an individual, is similar to a delicate collage that contains decorations of both failure and success. While we are all dedicating our lives to achieving the point of success, failures are indeed ineluctable and will consistently be the obstacles that we are destined to overcome. Each significant failure in our life, regardless of its impact, gives us an idea on how to conquer it and the experience we obtain within the challenges strengthens us in terms of insightful knowledge and useful knowledge. Therefore, in order to truly experience all that life has to offer and eventually accomplish our goals, we must be able to accept failure and make it the starting point of our lifelong journey towards success. A while ago, I have, by chance, developed a passion for mountain climbing. I have always considered myself somewhat of a thrill-seeker, and my curiosity about the wild nature has definitely created a series of worthwhile thrills in my life. Nevertheless, that pleasurable climbing experience would be the one that I would never forget. As the sun was rising in the morning, I found myself biting my lips as the intensity of that days event fogged up my mind mountain climbing was becoming a reality. I took a few steady steps up the slightly sloped mountain, and it seemed easy enough. As I climbed higher, a low hanging mist obscured much of my view; however, it did not deter me at all. I had a quick look at the way I came, and all I could see was darkness. Then suddenly out of nowhere, rocks above me started falling all around. Moreover, a few slammed hard against my arms, and I fell down towards an enormous boulder at once. : For the lush pine, which grows near the boulder, I was still alive and safely landed. Owing to the fact that it was extremely challenging and the pain caused by the falling was excruciating, I had, for a moment, the thought to give up on my original goal of reaching the top. As the time passed, my legs felt a bit heavy and the air is sticky with moisture. But I gradually became aware of the scars that spread all over the trunk of the tree and started to observe them carefully. I realized that the scars may be dreadful, but they certainly do not affect the trees belief in survival under the harsh environment. For those who have chopped woods before, they know that the hardest of the tree is, in fact, where the scars are. Consequentially, I came to comprehend the truth my failure of falling from the mountain is just like the scars on the trunk, they are not disgraceful smudges but honorable symbols for being tenacious. With the decisive spirit and aim in my mind, I gradually stood up and began treading on the mountain with optimism. I griped the slippery rocks and tried to pull myself up. Whenever I slipped, losing my grip or falling on my back, my body in some ironic twist gained eternal energy and there was newfound strength in my arms. Within the next two hours, I at last made it to the top with a final burst of energy. It is ironic that the most brutal of failure ultimately leads to the light of success, but it is somehow undeniable. The true success is not a just quick sprint, but a lifelong marathon in which there is no short cut to achieve the destination. The real successful people of the world do not just fall upon success, although in some cases a fair amount of luck was involved, for the most part they have worked extremely hard and gone through uncountable failures. We, in general, have all experienced failures at some point of our lives, but the worst thing that you could have possibly done is to have let these obstacles stop us. Right after a failure, we might feel weak, humiliated and frustrated due to the major blow. But something amazing happens once the original sting wears off; we actually become stronger in mind and spirit. With every effort put forth, we grow stronger in character and increase our odds of achieving success. Therefore, we need to understand the fact that learning from our mistakes can help us improve and become better at the task at hand. In view of the fact that we evolve and adjust to our weaknesses in order to overcome our greatest challenges, failure in itself is an evolution process for us as mankind. Admitting and learning from failure will eventually lead people to success and the converse is also true failing to admit and learn from failure will only lead to more dramatic failure. Unfortunately, many leaders seem to be allergic to the whole idea of admitting failure. I have seen it dozens of times with political and business leaders. Why that is, I dont know, but it may have something to do with how success gives leaders a big head. For each failure that associates with traumatic experience, it provides a profound lesson that we will never forget. Whenever you put your efforts into trying something and you fail, its usually fear of the unknown that actually holds people back from trying again. But once youve made it through a failure, taken a risk and lost, it wont feel as scary the next time you try. Bravery doesnt actually come from winning, but from the pursuit of goals-whether you succeed or not. Even if you try and fail, youll never be the person you were before you started the path. Youve pushed yourself to a new level, moved outside of your comfort zone, and are that much wiser for having attempted the task. If you constantly avoid pursuing goals and dreams for fear of failure youll never know what you can do. Trying and failing is better than never having tried at all. Standing out on mountain top was an intense feeling. I stood there trying to catch my breath, the cool wind swirling around me. My head was in the clouds. There was nothing below me, only the swirling gusts of wind. I forgot how hot and tired I was. I was in a daze. It was calming and exhilarating all at once. I might as well have been flying. I stood there for a long time before I came back to reality. They say that everything happens for a reason, and failure is no exception. Dont view failure as bad luck; instead look at each attempt to reach your goals as a triumph. No matter who we are, we all have to go through the same steps to climb the mountain of success. In the future, we can learn that through determination and the knowledge gained from previous failures, we can only reach success.

Chemistry of hazardous materials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Chemistry of hazardous materials - Essay Example The sooner the explosive is named, the quicker a response team can put together a plan of action. Explosives are classified by DOT (2012): Explosives must have a driver that is physically and mentally fit to understand all local, state, and federal laws regulating explosive transport. The Department of Labor (2012) explains that no smoking or weapons can be carried on their transport. Metal should be covered so no spark occurs. These transports should not be left alone. Like other hazardous materials, explosive transports shall be clearly marked as such. Finally, the Department of Labor (2012) requires a working fire extinguisher that drivers are trained to use in the transports. Explosives are different from other hazardous materials due to the mass destruction caused. For example, an explosion can destroy a road, railway, or ship and everything in the vicinity. A toxic gas leak can lead to evacuations, but can be cleaned up with little or no life loss. The property damage is less as well. Once something explodes it cannot be taken back. It damages, kills, and can potentially lead to other explosions. These are a few reasons explosions are different from other hazardous

My Career Goals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My Career Goals - Essay Example In developing career goals we require two basic types of information i.e. knowledge about self and about career options that are compatible with our interest, values, and skills. Professional acumen, financial obligation, and physical requirements also play a major part in deciding career goals. Being a manager in a public sector Bank, which has already a well-charted career, plans for recruiting manager. Therefore our career goals have already been decided. But the Bank has certain provisions for flexible career growth through internal examinations. So eyeing on those provisions I set my career goal as to reach into the core top management team so that I could be the part of the strategic decision-making process. Changes in the Banking sector are very thick and fast. Adoption to information technology, geographical expansion of business, customer's requirement, new product, and services make it a challenging job. Global exposure and implementation of strict financial norms put our jobs at stake. Technology has changed the complete picture of today's banking. New orientation towards customer's services, facilities of net banking, automation of day-to-day activities of the banks has changed the role of the manager which ultimately results into the change in career goals both short term as well as long term. To accommodate the changes in the short term we have to reorient ourselves through short term training on soft and hard skills. For the long-term perspective, we have to take a comprehensive look at the technological changes, which may occur in the future and analyze our future requirements and then equip ourselves with relevant knowledge and skills. Setting clear cut career goals we have to follow certain well-defined path i.e. state the problems and objectives clearly and define goals, prepare temporary action plan containing every essential step and get ready for several alternatives and choices. Finally, develop a solid action plan to achieve that career goal. We have to be prepared to change the plan midway to suit any changes and setup midterm appraisals to check any deviation so that career goals could be achieved. Â  Accountants who want to catch the latest technology may have found themselves auditing information system, consulting business owners or even be a part of the system software development team. Today's accountants not only understand complex tax laws, accounting principals, business laws and information technologies, but they also have to know how to apply that knowledge in a business environment that is growing and changing rapidly. Â